Components for Reading Instruction

1. Phonemic Awareness (manipulate sounds - developed through oral language)
a. rhymes
b. syllables
c. onsets and rimes
d. blending and segmenting

2. Phonics Instruction (alphabetic principle - developed through alphabet knowledge)
a. systematic
b. explicit
c. practice through reading materials
d. integrate with writing

3. Fluency (developed through print knowledge)
a. repertoire of words
b. model
c. repeated oral reading (3-4 times)

4. Vocabulary (developed through oral language)
a. indirect
b. direct

5. Comprehension (purposeful and active - developed through print knowledge)
a. graphic and semantic organizers
b. answer questions
c. generate questions
d. summarize (predict)
e. mental imagery

The National Institute for Literacy